1.In fact, portal hypertension is the most common cause of esophageal varices.

其实静脉高压症是食管静脉曲张最常见的原因。

2.The most common cause of portal hypertension is cirrhosis.

静脉高压症的最常见原因是肝。

3.Portal hypertension can also cause blood to back up into the spleen causing congestive splenomegaly, meaning the enlarged spleen.

静脉高压症还能导致血液向脾脏回流，造成充血性脾肿大，即扩大的脾。

4.Another consequence of portal hypertension is that the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels release more nitric oxide.

静脉高压症的另一种后果是血管内皮细胞会释放更多的一氧氮。

5.Now causes of portal hypertension can be classified as pre-hepatic, intra-hepatic or post-hepatic, depending on where the obstruction is.

静脉高压症的原因可以被分为肝前型、肝内型和肝后性，这取决于阻塞的部位。

6.When this happens, venous blood accumulates in the hepatic portal system, causing pressure to rise above 12 mmHg, which defines portal hypertension.

当这种情况发生时，静脉血会在肝脉系统里蓄积，导致压力上升到12mHg以上，这就是静脉高压症的定义。

7.All right, as a quick recap, portal hypertension is when the pressure in the hepatic portal system is greater than 12 mmHg.

得！快速回顾一下：静脉高压症是指肝系统压力大于12mmHg。

8.Portal hypertension leads to the formation of Portosystemic shunts, which is when blood is diverted away from the portal venous system and backs up into the systemic veins.

静脉高压症可导致脉-体静脉系统分流的形成，即血液从静脉系统转向分流，回到了体静脉系统。

9.The features of portal hypertension can be remembered as ABCDE, where A stands for Ascites, B for Bleeding, C for Caput Medusae, D for Diminished liver function, and E for Enlarged spleen.

静脉高压症的特点可以用ABCDE来记：A指的是腹水，B是流血，C是海蛇头，D指肝功能下降，E指脾脏肿大。

10.As the central veins and sinusoids become compressed and push on the fluid inside, their pressure starts to build up, leading to intrasinusoidal (or portal) hypertension, which is this higher pressure in the portal veins.

中央静脉和血窦的受压导致它们中间的液体也受到挤压，导致静脉高压，即静脉的压力升高。

11.The gold standard for determining if there is portal hypertension is obtaining a hepatic venous pressure gradient measurement where a catheter is inserted inside the inferior vena cava and then inside the portal vein to measure the difference between both pressures.

确定是否存在静脉高压症的金标准是测量肝静脉压力梯度，即将导管先后插入下腔静脉、静脉内测量两个压力之间的差异。